- A Plesiosaur or other prehistoric creature: Some believe that Nessie might be a relic from the age of the dinosaurs, specifically a plesiosaur, which somehow survived to the present day in the cold, deep waters of the loch.
- A large fish or eel: Others speculate that the sightings might be of large eels or fish that live in the loch.
- Optical illusions or misidentifications: Waves, floating debris, or boat wakes can create shapes on the water's surface that might have been misinterpreted as a large creature.
- And, gasp! Hoaxes: Over the years, several photographs and videos claiming to be of the Nessie have been exposed as fakes.
- Sonar: Various sonar explorations of Loch Ness have detected large, unexplained objects moving underwater – but none proven to be a living creature, let alone a “monster.”
- DNA: In 2019, scientists conducted a large-scale environmental DNA survey of Loch Ness. It didn't find evidence of a large reptile, let alone dinosaur, but it did suggest that the loch contains a significant amount of eel DNA. This may support the theory that large eels might account for at least some of the sightings.
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